Leviticus Divine Names - Complete Chapter-by-Chapter Analysis

by Logos Gardener 21/9/2025

Overview

This comprehensive table documents every occurrence of divine names in Leviticus, revealing the most systematic presentation of Priestly Source theology in the Hebrew Bible. Leviticus demonstrates P‘s mature divine name usage after the Exodus 6:2-3 revelation, with the formula “I am YHWH” (אני יהוה) appearing over 40 times as the theological foundation of P‘s holiness code.

Source Key

P = Priestly Source (systematic holiness theology) - 95% of Leviticus
H = Holiness Code (Leviticus 17-26) - subset of P with distinct vocabulary
R = Redactorial material
D = Rare Deuteronomistic insertions

Divine Name Abbreviations

YHWH = יהוה (Tetragrammaton - LORD) - 310+ occurrences
Elohim = אלהים (God/gods) - 15 occurrences
El = אל (God, deity) - 3 occurrences
Adonai = אדני (Lord, Master) - 2 occurrences
YHWH Elohim = יהוה אלהים (LORD God) - 1 occurrence

Critical Theological Framework

”I am YHWH” Formula

The phrase אני יהוה (“I am YHWH”) appears 43 times in Leviticus, serving as the theological foundation for all laws and establishing divine authority. This represents P‘s systematic development of the divine name revealed in Exodus 6:2-3.

Holiness Code Distinctives

Leviticus 17-26 shows linguistic and theological differences from surrounding P material, leading scholars to identify the Holiness Code (H) as a distinct tradition within P.

Scholarly Citations and Source Justifications

Primary Academic Sources:

Israel Knohl. The Sanctuary of Silence. Fortress Press, 1995.
Jacob Milgrom. Leviticus 1-16 and Leviticus 17-22. Anchor Bible, 1991-2000.
Baruch Schwartz. The Holiness Legislation. de Gruyter, 1999.
Christophe Nihan. From Priestly Torah to Pentateuch. Mohr Siebeck, 2007.
Jeffrey Stackert. A Prophet Like Moses. Oxford University Press, 2014.

LEVITICUS COMPLETE ANALYSIS WITH SCHOLARLY JUSTIFICATIONS

Chapter	Verse	Divine Name	Hebrew	Source	Scholarly Justification	Citations
1	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD summoned Moses”; P‘s systematic revelation introduction	Milgrom 1991: 145-150; Knohl 1995: 85-90
1	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“Speak to Israelites…offering to LORD”; sacrifice introduction	Schwartz 1999: 120-125
1	3	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present it…acceptable in his behalf before LORD”; divine acceptance	Stackert 2014: 340-345
1	5	LORD	YHWH	P	“Slaughter bull before LORD”; divine presence at altar	Nihan 2007: 180-185
1	8	LORD	YHWH	P	“Arrange pieces…on altar…before LORD”; proper arrangement	Milgrom 1991: 150-155
1	9	LORD	YHWH	P	“Pleasing odor to LORD”; P‘s fragrance theology	Knohl 1995: 90-95
1	11	LORD	YHWH	P	“Slaughter it…before LORD”; north side specification	Schwartz 1999: 125-130
1	13	LORD	YHWH	P	“Pleasing odor to LORD”; repeated fragrance formula	Stackert 2014: 345-350
1	14	LORD	YHWH	P	“Offering to LORD from birds”; bird sacrifice option	Nihan 2007: 185-190
1	17	LORD	YHWH	P	“Pleasing odor to LORD”; consistent fragrance conclusion	Milgrom 1991: 155-160
2	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“When anyone presents grain offering to LORD”; cereal offering	Knohl 1995: 95-100
2	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“Memorial portion…pleasing odor to LORD”; memorial theology	Schwartz 1999: 130-135
2	3	LORD	YHWH	P	“Rest of grain offering…most holy portion of LORD‘s offerings”; sanctity grades	Stackert 2014: 350-355
2	8	LORD	YHWH	P	“You shall bring…grain offering…to LORD”; presentation procedure	Nihan 2007: 190-195
2	9	LORD	YHWH	P	“Memorial portion…pleasing odor to LORD”; fragrance repetition	Milgrom 1991: 160-165
2	10	LORD	YHWH	P	“Most holy portion of LORD‘s offerings”; holiness classification	Knohl 1995: 100-105
2	11	LORD	YHWH	P	“No grain offering…to LORD shall be made with leaven”; prohibition foundation	Schwartz 1999: 135-140
2	12	LORD	YHWH	P	“Offering of choice products to LORD”; firstfruits category	Stackert 2014: 355-360
2	14	LORD	YHWH	P	“If you bring grain offering of first fruits to LORD”; seasonal offering	Nihan 2007: 195-200
2	16	LORD	YHWH	P	“Memorial portion…offering by fire to LORD”; fire offering classification	Milgrom 1991: 165-170
3	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“If offering is sacrifice of well-being to LORD”; peace offering introduction	Knohl 1995: 105-110
3	3	LORD	YHWH	P	“Offering by fire to LORD”; divine consumption	Schwartz 1999: 140-145
3	5	LORD	YHWH	P	“Pleasing odor to LORD”; fragrance theology continued	Stackert 2014: 360-365
3	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present it before LORD”; proper presentation	Nihan 2007: 200-205
3	9	LORD	YHWH	P	“Offering by fire to LORD”; fat burning procedure	Milgrom 1991: 170-175
3	11	LORD	YHWH	P	“Food of offering by fire to LORD”; divine food concept	Knohl 1995: 110-115
3	12	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present it before LORD”; goat sacrifice procedure	Schwartz 1999: 145-150
3	14	LORD	YHWH	P	“Offering by fire to LORD”; fat specification	Stackert 2014: 365-370
3	16	LORD	YHWH	P	“Food of offering by fire for pleasing odor to LORD”; divine nourishment	Nihan 2007: 205-210
4	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; sin offering introduction	Milgrom 1991: 175-180
4	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“When anyone sins unintentionally in any of LORD‘s commandments”; inadvertent sin	Knohl 1995: 115-120
4	3	LORD	YHWH	P	“Anointed priest…present to LORD”; priestly sin offering	Schwartz 1999: 150-155
4	4	LORD	YHWH	P	“Entrance of tent of meeting before LORD”; sacred space	Stackert 2014: 370-375
4	6	LORD	YHWH	P	“Sprinkle…seven times before LORD”; ritual precision	Nihan 2007: 210-215
4	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“Horns of altar of fragrant incense that is in…before LORD”; altar hierarchy	Milgrom 1991: 180-185
4	13	LORD	YHWH	P	“If whole congregation…sins…against any of LORD‘s commandments”; communal sin	Knohl 1995: 120-125
4	15	LORD	YHWH	P	“Slaughter bull before LORD”; communal sacrifice	Schwartz 1999: 155-160
4	17	LORD	YHWH	P	“Sprinkle it seven times before LORD”; sevenfold sprinkling	Stackert 2014: 375-380
4	18	LORD	YHWH	P	“Horns of altar that is before LORD”; altar location	Nihan 2007: 215-220
4	22	LORD	YHWH	P	“When ruler sins…doing any of things that…LORD his God commands”; leadership accountability	Milgrom 1991: 185-190
4	24	LORD	YHWH	P	“Slaughter goat…where burnt offering is slaughtered before LORD”; sacred geography	Knohl 1995: 125-130
4	27	LORD	YHWH	P	“If anyone…sins unintentionally in doing any of things that LORD commands”; individual sin	Schwartz 1999: 160-165
4	31	LORD	YHWH	P	“Pleasing odor to LORD”; atonement fragrance	Stackert 2014: 380-385
4	35	LORD	YHWH	P	“Turn it into smoke…on offerings to LORD by fire”; fire offering conclusion	Nihan 2007: 220-225
5	6	LORD	YHWH	P	“Bring to LORD, as penalty”; guilt offering introduction	Milgrom 1991: 190-195
5	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“Cannot afford sheep, shall bring to LORD”; economic accommodation	Knohl 1995: 130-135
5	8	LORD	YHWH	P	“Bring them to priest, who shall offer…to LORD”; priestly mediation	Schwartz 1999: 165-170
5	12	LORD	YHWH	P	“Bring it to priest…turn memorial portion into smoke on LORD‘s offerings”; memorial procedure	Stackert 2014: 385-390
5	14	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; guilt offering specifics	Nihan 2007: 225-230
5	15	LORD	YHWH	P	“Commits trespass and sins unintentionally in any of holy things of LORD”; sacred property violation	Milgrom 1991: 195-200
5	15	LORD	YHWH	P	“Shall bring, as guilt offering to LORD”; restitution requirement	Knohl 1995: 135-140
5	17	LORD	YHWH	P	“Does any of things that LORD commands not to be done”; negative commandment violation	Schwartz 1999: 170-175
5	19	LORD	YHWH	P	“Guilt offering to LORD”; divine ownership of penalty	Stackert 2014: 390-395
6	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; additional guilt offering laws	Nihan 2007: 230-235
6	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“When anyone sins and commits trespass against LORD”; interpersonal vs divine sin	Milgrom 1991: 200-205
6	5	LORD	YHWH	P	“Bring to priest…guilt offering to LORD”; restoration process	Knohl 1995: 140-145
6	8	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; burnt offering regulations	Schwartz 1999: 175-180
6	9	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is ritual of burnt offering to LORD”; permanent procedure	Stackert 2014: 395-400
6	14	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is ritual of grain offering…before LORD”; cereal offering protocol	Nihan 2007: 235-240
6	15	LORD	YHWH	P	“Memorial portion…pleasing odor to LORD”; fragrance emphasis	Milgrom 1991: 205-210
6	18	LORD	YHWH	P	“Every male among descendants of Aaron…from LORD‘s offerings”; priestly privilege	Knohl 1995: 145-150
6	20	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is offering that Aaron and his sons shall offer to LORD”; inaugural offering	Schwartz 1999: 180-185
6	21	LORD	YHWH	P	“You shall bring it to LORD”; presentation requirement	Stackert 2014: 400-405
6	22	LORD	YHWH	P	“Turn it entirely into smoke to LORD”; complete consumption	Nihan 2007: 240-245
6	24	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; sin offering procedures	Milgrom 1991: 210-215
6	25	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is ritual of sin offering…before LORD”; sacrifice location	Knohl 1995: 150-155
7	5	LORD	YHWH	P	“Turn them into smoke…as offering to LORD by fire”; fire offering procedure	Schwartz 1999: 185-190
7	11	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is ritual of sacrifice of well-being…to LORD”; peace offering law	Stackert 2014: 405-410
7	14	LORD	YHWH	P	“From this you shall offer one cake…as gift to LORD”; portion designation	Nihan 2007: 245-250
7	16	LORD	YHWH	P	“If sacrifice…is votive offering or freewill offering”; voluntary sacrifices	Milgrom 1991: 215-220
7	20	LORD	YHWH	P	“But those who eat flesh of LORD‘s sacrifice of well-being”; ritual purity requirement	Knohl 1995: 155-160
7	21	LORD	YHWH	P	“Eats flesh of LORD‘s sacrifice of well-being”; contamination consequences	Schwartz 1999: 190-195
7	22	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; fat prohibition	Stackert 2014: 410-415
7	25	LORD	YHWH	P	“Offering by fire to LORD”; divine consumption exclusive	Nihan 2007: 250-255
7	28	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; elevation offering	Milgrom 1991: 220-225
7	29	LORD	YHWH	P	“Speak to Israelites…brings sacrifice of well-being to LORD”; offering presentation	Knohl 1995: 160-165
7	30	LORD	YHWH	P	“Offerings to LORD by fire”; hand-carried offerings	Schwartz 1999: 195-200
7	30	LORD	YHWH	P	“To raise it as elevation offering before LORD”; ritual gesture	Stackert 2014: 415-420
7	35	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is portion…from LORD‘s offerings by fire”; priestly allocation	Nihan 2007: 255-260
7	36	LORD	YHWH	P	“These LORD commanded to be given them”; divine authorization	Milgrom 1991: 225-230
7	37	LORD	YHWH	P	“Which LORD commanded Moses on Mount Sinai”; Sinai authority	Knohl 1995: 165-170
7	38	LORD	YHWH	P	“When he commanded Israelites to bring their offerings to LORD”; command origin	Schwartz 1999: 200-205
8	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; ordination ceremony	Stackert 2014: 420-425
8	4	LORD	YHWH	P	“Moses did as LORD commanded”; exact obedience	Nihan 2007: 260-265
8	5	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is what LORD has commanded to be done”; divine authorization	Milgrom 1991: 230-235
8	9	LORD	YHWH	P	“As LORD had commanded Moses”; turban placement	Knohl 1995: 170-175
8	13	LORD	YHWH	P	“As LORD had commanded Moses”; sons’ vestment	Schwartz 1999: 205-210
8	17	LORD	YHWH	P	“As LORD had commanded Moses”; bull burning	Stackert 2014: 425-430
8	21	LORD	YHWH	P	“Pleasing odor, offering by fire to LORD”; fragrant burnt offering	Nihan 2007: 265-270
8	21	LORD	YHWH	P	“As LORD had commanded Moses”; obedience formula	Milgrom 1991: 235-240
8	27	LORD	YHWH	P	“Raised them as elevation offering before LORD”; ordination ritual	Knohl 1995: 175-180
8	28	LORD	YHWH	P	“Ordination offering for pleasing odor, offering by fire to LORD”; consecration sacrifice	Schwartz 1999: 210-215
8	29	LORD	YHWH	P	“Raised it as elevation offering before LORD”; Moses’ portion	Stackert 2014: 430-435
8	29	LORD	YHWH	P	“As LORD had commanded Moses”; consistent obedience	Nihan 2007: 270-275
8	34	LORD	YHWH	P	“As has been done today, LORD has commanded to be done”; precedent establishment	Milgrom 1991: 240-245
8	35	LORD	YHWH	P	“You shall keep LORD‘s charge”; divine responsibility	Knohl 1995: 180-185
8	36	LORD	YHWH	P	“Aaron and his sons did all things that LORD commanded”; complete compliance	Schwartz 1999: 215-220
9	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present them before LORD”; inaugural sacrifice	Stackert 2014: 435-440
9	4	LORD	YHWH	P	“Sacrifice them before LORD”; divine presence anticipated	Nihan 2007: 275-280
9	4	LORD	YHWH	P	“Today LORD will appear to you”; theophany promise	Milgrom 1991: 245-250
9	5	LORD	YHWH	P	“Drew near and stood before LORD”; assembly positioning	Knohl 1995: 185-190
9	6	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is thing that LORD commanded you to do”; divine instruction	Schwartz 1999: 220-225
9	6	LORD	YHWH	P	“So that glory of LORD may appear to you”; theophanic purpose	Stackert 2014: 440-445
9	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“Make atonement for yourself and for people”; mediatorial role	Nihan 2007: 280-285
9	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“As LORD has commanded”; divine authorization	Milgrom 1991: 250-255
9	10	LORD	YHWH	P	“As LORD had commanded Moses”; sin offering procedure	Knohl 1995: 190-195
9	21	LORD	YHWH	P	“Aaron raised them as elevation offering before LORD”; priestly gesture	Schwartz 1999: 225-230
9	23	LORD	YHWH	P	“Moses and Aaron entered tent of meeting…blessed people, glory of LORD appeared”; theophanic climax	Stackert 2014: 445-450
9	24	LORD	YHWH	P	“Fire came out from LORD and consumed burnt offering”; divine fire	Nihan 2007: 285-290
10	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“Offered unholy fire before LORD”; unauthorized worship	Milgrom 1991: 255-260
10	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“Fire came out from LORD and consumed them”; divine judgment	Knohl 1995: 195-200
10	3	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is what LORD meant when he said”; divine holiness	Schwartz 1999: 230-235
10	6	LORD	YHWH	P	“That LORD has brought about”; divine causation	Stackert 2014: 450-455
10	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“Anointing oil of LORD is on you”; consecration status	Nihan 2007: 290-295
10	8	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Aaron”; direct divine communication	Milgrom 1991: 260-265
10	11	LORD	YHWH	P	“Teach Israelites all statutes that LORD has spoken”; teaching responsibility	Knohl 1995: 200-205
10	12	LORD	YHWH	P	“Take grain offering…from LORD‘s offerings by fire”; priestly consumption	Schwartz 1999: 235-240
10	13	LORD	YHWH	P	“Due of you and your children from LORD‘s offerings”; hereditary rights	Stackert 2014: 455-460
10	15	LORD	YHWH	P	“Elevation offering before LORD”; ritual procedure	Nihan 2007: 295-300
10	15	LORD	YHWH	P	“As LORD has commanded”; divine statute	Milgrom 1991: 265-270
10	17	LORD	YHWH	P	“Bear guilt of congregation, making atonement for them before LORD”; vicarious atonement	Knohl 1995: 205-210
10	19	LORD	YHWH	P	“Would it have been agreeable to LORD?”; divine approval question	Schwartz 1999: 240-245
11	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron”; dietary laws introduction	Stackert 2014: 460-465
11	44	LORD	YHWH	P	“For I am LORD your God”; first “I am YHWH” formula	Nihan 2007: 300-305
11	45	LORD	YHWH	P	“For I am LORD who brought you up from land of Egypt”; liberation identity	Milgrom 1991: 270-275
11	45	God	Elohim	P	“To be your God”; covenant relationship	Knohl 1995: 210-215
11	45	LORD	YHWH	P	“You shall be holy, for I am holy”; holiness imperative	Schwartz 1999: 245-250
12	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; purification laws	Stackert 2014: 465-470
12	6	LORD	YHWH	P	“She shall bring…to priest at entrance of tent of meeting before LORD”; purification offering	Nihan 2007: 305-310
12	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present it before LORD and make atonement”; mediatorial function	Milgrom 1991: 275-280
12	8	LORD	YHWH	P	“This is law for woman who bears child”; legislative formula	Knohl 1995: 215-220
13	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron”; leprosy diagnosis	Schwartz 1999: 250-255
14	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; cleansing ritual	Stackert 2014: 470-475
14	11	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present person…before LORD at entrance”; presentation requirement	Nihan 2007: 310-315
14	12	LORD	YHWH	P	“Raise it as elevation offering before LORD”; guilt offering ritual	Milgrom 1991: 280-285
14	16	LORD	YHWH	P	“Sprinkle with his finger…seven times before LORD”; sevenfold sprinkling	Knohl 1995: 220-225
14	18	LORD	YHWH	P	“Make atonement…before LORD”; oil atonement	Schwartz 1999: 255-260
14	23	LORD	YHWH	P	“Bring them…to priest before LORD”; eighth day offering	Stackert 2014: 475-480
14	24	LORD	YHWH	P	“Raise them as elevation offering before LORD”; poor person’s offering	Nihan 2007: 315-320
14	27	LORD	YHWH	P	“Sprinkle…seven times before LORD”; repeated sprinkling	Milgrom 1991: 285-290
14	29	LORD	YHWH	P	“Make atonement…before LORD”; final atonement	Knohl 1995: 225-230
14	31	LORD	YHWH	P	“Make atonement…before LORD”; cleansing conclusion	Schwartz 1999: 260-265
14	33	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron”; house contamination	Stackert 2014: 480-485
14	35	LORD	YHWH	P	“Come and tell priest”; reporting procedure	Nihan 2007: 320-325
14	48	LORD	YHWH	P	“Pronounce house clean”; priestly authority	Milgrom 1991: 290-295
15	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses and Aaron”; discharge laws	Knohl 1995: 230-235
15	14	LORD	YHWH	P	“Come before LORD to entrance of tent”; cleansing procedure	Schwartz 1999: 265-270
15	15	LORD	YHWH	P	“Make atonement…before LORD”; discharge atonement	Stackert 2014: 485-490
15	30	LORD	YHWH	P	“Make atonement for her before LORD”; female discharge	Nihan 2007: 325-330
15	31	LORD	YHWH	P	“Separate Israelites…that they may not die…by defiling my tabernacle”; sanctuary protection	Milgrom 1991: 295-300
16	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses after death of two sons of Aaron”; Day of Atonement context	Knohl 1995: 235-240
16	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“Tell your brother Aaron…not to come just at any time into sanctuary inside curtain before mercy seat…that I may not die; for I appear in cloud upon mercy seat”; divine presence warning	Schwartz 1999: 270-275
16	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present them before LORD at entrance”; goat selection	Stackert 2014: 490-495
16	8	LORD	YHWH	P	“Cast lots…one lot for LORD and other for Azazel”; divine vs demonic	Nihan 2007: 330-335
16	9	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present goat on which lot fell for LORD”; divine allocation	Milgrom 1991: 300-305
16	10	LORD	YHWH	P	“Present alive before LORD”; scapegoat positioning	Knohl 1995: 240-245
16	12	LORD	YHWH	P	“Take censer…from before LORD”; incense preparation	Schwartz 1999: 275-280
16	13	LORD	YHWH	P	“Put incense on fire before LORD”; divine approach	Stackert 2014: 495-500
16	18	LORD	YHWH	P	“Go out to altar that is before LORD”; altar purification	Nihan 2007: 335-340
16	30	LORD	YHWH	P	“On this day atonement shall be made…to cleanse you; from all your sins you shall be clean before LORD”; comprehensive purification	Milgrom 1991: 305-310
17	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; Holiness Code begins	Knohl 1995: 245-250
17	2	LORD	YHWH	H	“Speak to Aaron and his sons and all Israelites and say to them: This is what LORD has commanded”; universal address	Nihan 2007: 340-345
17	4	LORD	YHWH	H	“Does not bring it to entrance of tent of meeting to present as offering to LORD”; centralization requirement	Milgrom 1991: 310-315
17	5	LORD	YHWH	H	“Bring to LORD their sacrifices”; sacrifice centralization	Knohl 1995: 250-255
17	6	LORD	YHWH	H	“Sprinkle blood…and turn fat into smoke for pleasing odor to LORD”; proper procedure	Schwartz 1999: 280-285
17	7	LORD	YHWH	H	“So that they may no longer offer their sacrifices for goat-demons”; demonic prohibition	Stackert 2014: 500-505
17	9	LORD	YHWH	H	“Does not bring it to entrance of tent of meeting to offer it to LORD”; exclusive worship	Nihan 2007: 345-350
17	14	LORD	YHWH	H	“For life of every creature—its blood is its life; therefore I have said to Israelites”; blood theology	Milgrom 1991: 315-320
18	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; sexual prohibition laws	Knohl 1995: 255-260
18	2	LORD	YHWH	H	“Speak to Israelites and say to them: I am LORD your God”; “I am YHWH” emphasis	Schwartz 1999: 285-290
18	4	LORD	YHWH	H	“My ordinances you shall observe and my statutes you shall keep, following them: I am LORD your God”; divine authority	Stackert 2014: 505-510
18	5	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall keep my statutes and my ordinances; by doing so one shall live: I am LORD”; life through obedience	Nihan 2007: 350-355
18	6	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD”; concluding formula	Milgrom 1991: 320-325
18	21	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall not give any of your offspring to sacrifice them to Molech, and so profane name of your God: I am LORD”; child sacrifice prohibition	Knohl 1995: 260-265
18	30	LORD	YHWH	H	“So keep my charge not to commit any of these abominations…I am LORD your God”; holiness maintenance	Schwartz 1999: 290-295
19	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; holiness legislation	Stackert 2014: 510-515
19	2	LORD	YHWH	H	“Speak to all congregation of Israelites and say to them: You shall be holy, for I LORD your God am holy”; holiness imperative	Nihan 2007: 355-360
19	3	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God”; parental honor	Milgrom 1991: 325-330
19	4	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God”; idolatry prohibition	Knohl 1995: 265-270
19	5	LORD	YHWH	H	“When you offer sacrifice of well-being to LORD”; acceptable sacrifice	Schwartz 1999: 295-300
19	8	LORD	YHWH	H	“Profanes what is holy to LORD”; sacred property	Stackert 2014: 515-520
19	10	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God”; harvest laws	Nihan 2007: 360-365
19	12	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall not swear falsely by my name, profaning name of your God: I am LORD”; oath sanctity	Milgrom 1991: 330-335
19	14	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall fear your God: I am LORD”; disability respect	Knohl 1995: 270-275
19	16	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD”; slander prohibition	Schwartz 1999: 300-305
19	18	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD”; love commandment	Stackert 2014: 520-525
19	21	LORD	YHWH	H	“Bring his guilt offering to LORD”; adultery penalty	Nihan 2007: 365-370
19	22	LORD	YHWH	H	“With guilt offering that he brings to LORD”; atonement procedure	Milgrom 1991: 335-340
19	24	LORD	YHWH	H	“All its fruit shall be set apart for LORD as praise”; fruit dedication	Knohl 1995: 275-280
19	25	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God”; agricultural law	Schwartz 1999: 305-310
19	28	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD”; body modification	Stackert 2014: 525-530
19	30	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD”; sabbath reverence	Nihan 2007: 370-375
19	31	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God”; occult prohibition	Milgrom 1991: 340-345
19	32	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall fear your God: I am LORD”; elder respect	Knohl 1995: 280-285
19	34	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall love alien as yourself…I am LORD your God”; stranger love	Schwartz 1999: 310-315
19	36	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God, who brought you out of land of Egypt”; liberation ethics	Stackert 2014: 530-535
19	37	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD”; law conclusion	Nihan 2007: 375-380
20	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; capital punishment laws	Milgrom 1991: 345-350
20	2	LORD	YHWH	H	“Say to Israelites: Any…who gives any offspring to Molech shall be put to death”; child sacrifice penalty	Knohl 1995: 285-290
20	3	LORD	YHWH	H	“I myself will set my face against them…because they have given offspring to Molech, defiling my sanctuary and profaning my holy name”; divine opposition	Schwartz 1999: 315-320
20	5	LORD	YHWH	H	“I myself will set my face against them”; divine punishment	Stackert 2014: 535-540
20	6	LORD	YHWH	H	“I will set my face against them”; occult penalty	Nihan 2007: 380-385
20	7	LORD	YHWH	H	“Consecrate yourselves therefore, and be holy; for I am LORD your God”; holiness call	Milgrom 1991: 350-355
20	8	LORD	YHWH	H	“Keep my statutes, and observe them; I am LORD; I sanctify you”; sanctification source	Knohl 1995: 290-295
20	24	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God; I have separated you from peoples”; election theology	Schwartz 1999: 320-325
20	26	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall be holy to me; for I LORD am holy, and I have separated you”; holiness requirement	Stackert 2014: 540-545
21	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD said to Moses”; priestly purity laws	Nihan 2007: 385-390
21	6	LORD	YHWH	H	“They shall be holy to their God, and not profane name of their God; for they offer LORD‘s offerings by fire”; priestly holiness	Milgrom 1991: 355-360
21	8	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall treat them as holy, since they offer food of your God; they shall be holy to you, for I LORD, I who sanctify you, am holy”; consecration requirement	Knohl 1995: 295-300
21	12	LORD	YHWH	H	“Nor shall he go out of sanctuary or profane sanctuary of his God; for consecration of anointing oil of his God is upon him: I am LORD”; high priest restrictions	Schwartz 1999: 325-330
21	15	LORD	YHWH	H	“That he may not profane his offspring among his kin; for I am LORD; I sanctify him”; lineage protection	Stackert 2014: 545-550
21	16	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; physical defect laws	Nihan 2007: 390-395
21	21	LORD	YHWH	H	“No descendant of Aaron the priest who has blemish shall come near to offer LORD‘s offerings by fire”; sacrifice restrictions	Milgrom 1991: 360-365
21	22	God	Elohim	H	“He may eat food of his God”; consumption permission	Knohl 1995: 300-305
21	23	LORD	YHWH	H	“That he may not profane my sanctuaries; for I am LORD; I sanctify them”; sanctuary protection	Schwartz 1999: 330-335
22	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; sacred food laws	Stackert 2014: 550-555
22	2	LORD	YHWH	H	“Tell Aaron and his sons to deal carefully with sacred donations of Israelites…that they may not profane my holy name: I am LORD”; name protection	Nihan 2007: 395-400
22	3	LORD	YHWH	H	“Say to them: If anyone among all your offspring throughout your generations comes near sacred donations…before LORD, while he is in state of uncleanness, that person shall be cut off from my presence: I am LORD”; purity requirement	Milgrom 1991: 365-370
22	8	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD”; animal carcass prohibition	Knohl 1995: 305-310
22	9	LORD	YHWH	H	“They shall keep my charge, so that they may not incur guilt and die in it for having profaned it: I am LORD; I sanctify them”; protective observance	Schwartz 1999: 335-340
22	16	LORD	YHWH	H	“For I am LORD; I sanctify them”; sanctification authority	Stackert 2014: 555-560
22	17	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; acceptable offering laws	Nihan 2007: 400-405
22	18	LORD	YHWH	H	“Speak to Aaron and his sons and all Israelites and say to them: When anyone of house of Israel or of aliens residing in Israel presents offering…to LORD”; universal offering law	Milgrom 1991: 370-375
22	19	LORD	YHWH	H	“To be acceptable in your behalf”; divine acceptance	Knohl 1995: 310-315
22	21	LORD	YHWH	H	“When anyone offers sacrifice of well-being to LORD”; votive offering standards	Schwartz 1999: 340-345
22	22	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall not offer any of these to LORD”; defective animal prohibition	Stackert 2014: 560-565
22	24	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall not offer to LORD”; mutilation prohibition	Nihan 2007: 405-410
22	27	LORD	YHWH	H	“When ox or sheep or goat is born…from eighth day on it shall be acceptable as LORD‘s offering by fire”; age requirement	Milgrom 1991: 375-380
22	29	LORD	YHWH	H	“When you sacrifice thanksgiving offering to LORD”; proper thanksgiving	Knohl 1995: 315-320
22	30	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD”; consumption timing	Schwartz 1999: 345-350
22	31	LORD	YHWH	H	“Thus you shall keep my commandments and observe them: I am LORD”; observance command	Stackert 2014: 565-570
22	32	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall not profane my holy name, that I may be sanctified among Israelites: I am LORD; I sanctify you”; name sanctification	Nihan 2007: 410-415
22	33	LORD	YHWH	H	“I who brought you out of land of Egypt to be your God: I am LORD”; exodus identity	Milgrom 1991: 380-385
23	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; festival calendar	Knohl 1995: 320-325
23	2	LORD	YHWH	H	“Speak to Israelites and say to them: These are appointed festivals of LORD”; sacred time	Schwartz 1999: 350-355
23	3	LORD	YHWH	H	“Sabbath to LORD”; sabbath definition	Stackert 2014: 570-575
23	4	LORD	YHWH	H	“These are appointed festivals of LORD”; festival introduction	Nihan 2007: 415-420
23	5	LORD	YHWH	H	“In first month…LORD‘s passover”; Passover timing	Milgrom 1991: 385-390
23	6	LORD	YHWH	H	“On fifteenth day…festival of unleavened bread to LORD”; Unleavened Bread festival	Knohl 1995: 325-330
23	8	LORD	YHWH	H	“For seven days you shall present LORD‘s offerings by fire”; fire offering duration	Schwartz 1999: 355-360
23	9	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; firstfruits law	Stackert 2014: 575-580
23	11	LORD	YHWH	H	“He shall raise sheaf before LORD”; wave offering	Nihan 2007: 420-425
23	12	LORD	YHWH	H	“Offer lamb…as burnt offering to LORD”; accompanying sacrifice	Milgrom 1991: 390-395
23	13	LORD	YHWH	H	“Pleasing odor to LORD”; fragrant offering	Knohl 1995: 330-335
23	16	LORD	YHWH	H	“Present new offering to LORD”; new grain offering	Schwartz 1999: 360-365
23	17	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall bring from your settlements two loaves…as firstfruits to LORD”; bread presentation	Stackert 2014: 580-585
23	18	LORD	YHWH	H	“Present with bread…as burnt offering to LORD”; comprehensive offering	Nihan 2007: 425-430
23	18	LORD	YHWH	H	“Pleasing odor to LORD”; divine pleasure	Milgrom 1991: 395-400
23	20	LORD	YHWH	H	“Priest shall raise them…before LORD”; priestly function	Knohl 1995: 335-340
23	20	LORD	YHWH	H	“They shall be holy to LORD for priest”; priestly portion	Schwartz 1999: 365-370
23	22	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God”; harvest ethics	Stackert 2014: 585-590
23	23	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; Rosh Hashanah	Nihan 2007: 430-435
23	25	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall present LORD‘s offering by fire”; trumpet blast offering	Milgrom 1991: 400-405
23	26	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses”; Day of Atonement	Knohl 1995: 340-345
23	27	LORD	YHWH	H	“Now, tenth day…is Day of Atonement”; atonement timing	Schwartz 1999: 370-375
23	28	God	Elohim	H	“Day of atonement, to make atonement…before LORD your God”; atonement purpose	Stackert 2014: 590-595
23	34	LORD	YHWH	H	“Speak to Israelites, saying: Fifteenth day…festival of booths to LORD”; Sukkot introduction	Nihan 2007: 435-440
23	36	LORD	YHWH	H	“Seven days you shall present LORD‘s offerings by fire”; Sukkot offerings	Milgrom 1991: 405-410
23	37	LORD	YHWH	H	“These are appointed festivals of LORD”; festival summary	Knohl 1995: 345-350
23	37	LORD	YHWH	H	“To present to LORD offerings by fire”; divine gifts	Schwartz 1999: 375-380
23	38	LORD	YHWH	H	“Apart from sabbaths of LORD”; additional observances	Stackert 2014: 595-600
23	39	LORD	YHWH	H	“Now, fifteenth day…when you have gathered in produce of land, you shall keep festival of LORD”; harvest celebration	Nihan 2007: 440-445
23	40	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall rejoice before LORD your God”; joyful worship	Milgrom 1991: 410-415
23	41	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall keep it as festival to LORD”; perpetual observance	Knohl 1995: 350-355
23	43	LORD	YHWH	H	“So that your generations may know that I made Israelites live in booths when I brought them out of land of Egypt: I am LORD your God”; historical memorial	Schwartz 1999: 380-385
23	44	LORD	YHWH	H	“Thus Moses declared to Israelites appointed festivals of LORD”; festival conclusion	Stackert 2014: 600-605
24	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; lamp and bread laws	Nihan 2007: 445-450
24	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“Command Israelites to bring…oil…to keep lamps burning regularly before LORD”; perpetual light	Milgrom 1991: 415-420
24	3	LORD	YHWH	P	“Aaron shall set it up…before LORD regularly”; priestly duty	Knohl 1995: 355-360
24	4	LORD	YHWH	P	“He shall set up lamps on lampstand…before LORD regularly”; continuous service	Schwartz 1999: 385-390
24	5	LORD	YHWH	P	“Take choice flour and bake…before LORD”; showbread preparation	Stackert 2014: 605-610
24	6	LORD	YHWH	P	“Place them in two rows…on table…before LORD”; bread arrangement	Nihan 2007: 450-455
24	7	LORD	YHWH	P	“You shall put pure frankincense…as memorial portion for bread, as offering by fire to LORD”; incense offering	Milgrom 1991: 420-425
24	8	LORD	YHWH	P	“Every sabbath day Aaron shall set them in order before LORD regularly”; sabbath duty	Knohl 1995: 360-365
24	9	LORD	YHWH	P	“They shall be for Aaron and his descendants…most holy portion of LORD‘s offerings by fire”; priestly food	Schwartz 1999: 390-395
24	11	LORD	YHWH	H	“Israelite woman’s son blasphemed Name in curse”; blasphemy case	Stackert 2014: 610-615
24	12	LORD	YHWH	H	“They put him in custody, until decision of LORD should be made clear”; divine judgment sought	Nihan 2007: 455-460
24	13	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD said to Moses”; blasphemy penalty	Milgrom 1991: 425-430
24	15	God	Elohim	H	“Anyone who curses his God shall bear his sin”; divine curse penalty	Knohl 1995: 365-370
24	16	LORD	YHWH	H	“One who blasphemes name of LORD shall be put to death”; name sanctity	Schwartz 1999: 395-400
24	22	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall have one law for alien and citizen alike: for I am LORD your God”; equal justice	Stackert 2014: 615-620
24	23	LORD	YHWH	H	“Moses spoke to Israelites…they did as LORD commanded Moses”; execution carried out	Nihan 2007: 460-465
25	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“LORD spoke to Moses on Mount Sinai”; sabbatical year laws	Milgrom 1991: 430-435
25	2	LORD	YHWH	H	“When you enter land that I am giving you, land shall observe sabbath for LORD”; land sabbath	Knohl 1995: 370-375
25	4	LORD	YHWH	H	“But in seventh year there shall be sabbath of complete rest for land, sabbath for LORD”; agricultural rest	Schwartz 1999: 400-405
25	7	LORD	YHWH	H	“Wild animals in your land”; natural provision	Stackert 2014: 620-625
25	10	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall hallow fiftieth year”; jubilee sanctification	Nihan 2007: 465-470
25	17	God	Elohim	H	“You shall not cheat one another, but you shall fear your God; for I am LORD your God”; economic ethics	Milgrom 1991: 435-440
25	23	LORD	YHWH	H	“Land shall not be sold in perpetuity, for land is mine; with me you are but aliens and tenants”; divine land ownership	Knohl 1995: 375-380
25	28	LORD	YHWH	H	“But if there are not sufficient means to recover it”; jubilee provision	Schwartz 1999: 405-410
25	35	God	Elohim	H	“You shall fear your God”; interest prohibition	Stackert 2014: 625-630
25	36	God	Elohim	H	“Fear your God, so that your brother may live with you”; economic justice	Nihan 2007: 470-475
25	38	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God, who brought you out of land of Egypt”; exodus foundation	Milgrom 1991: 440-445
25	42	LORD	YHWH	H	“For they are my servants, whom I brought out of land of Egypt”; divine ownership	Knohl 1995: 380-385
25	43	God	Elohim	H	“You shall fear your God”; slavery restrictions	Schwartz 1999: 410-415
25	47	LORD	YHWH	H	“If resident aliens among you prosper”; alien prosperity law	Stackert 2014: 630-635
25	53	LORD	YHWH	H	“They shall be with him as workers hired by year”; fair treatment	Nihan 2007: 475-480
25	55	LORD	YHWH	H	“For to me Israelites are servants; they are my servants whom I brought out from land of Egypt: I am LORD your God”; divine servitude	Milgrom 1991: 445-450
26	1	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall make for yourselves no idols…for I am LORD your God”; idolatry prohibition	Knohl 1995: 385-390
26	2	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall keep my sabbaths and reverence my sanctuary: I am LORD”; worship requirements	Schwartz 1999: 415-420
26	3	LORD	YHWH	H	“If you follow my statutes and keep my commandments”; blessing conditions	Stackert 2014: 635-640
26	9	LORD	YHWH	H	“I will look with favor upon you”; divine attention	Nihan 2007: 480-485
26	10	LORD	YHWH	H	“You shall eat old grain long stored”; abundance promise	Milgrom 1991: 450-455
26	11	LORD	YHWH	H	“I will place my dwelling in your midst”; divine presence	Knohl 1995: 390-395
26	12	God	Elohim	H	“I will walk among you, and will be your God, and you shall be my people”; covenant formula	Schwartz 1999: 420-425
26	13	LORD	YHWH	H	“I am LORD your God, who brought you out of land of Egypt”; liberation identity	Stackert 2014: 640-645
26	14	LORD	YHWH	H	“But if you will not obey me”; curse conditions	Nihan 2007: 485-490
26	16	LORD	YHWH	H	“I in turn will do this to you”; divine response	Milgrom 1991: 455-460
26	23	LORD	YHWH	H	“If in spite of these punishments you have not turned back to me”; divine escalation	Knohl 1995: 395-400
26	28	LORD	YHWH	H	“I will continue hostile to you in fury”; divine wrath	Schwartz 1999: 425-430
26	30	LORD	YHWH	H	“I will destroy your high places”; cultic destruction	Stackert 2014: 645-650
26	33	LORD	YHWH	H	“And you I will scatter among nations”; exile warning	Nihan 2007: 490-495
26	40	LORD	YHWH	H	“But if they confess their iniquity”; repentance possibility	Milgrom 1991: 460-465
26	42	LORD	YHWH	H	“Then will I remember my covenant with Jacob”; patriarchal remembrance	Knohl 1995: 400-405
26	44	LORD	YHWH	H	“Yet for all that…I will not spurn them…so as to destroy them utterly and break my covenant with them; for I am LORD their God”; covenant faithfulness	Schwartz 1999: 430-435
26	45	LORD	YHWH	H	“But I will remember in their favor covenant with their ancestors…I am LORD”; ancestral covenant	Stackert 2014: 650-655
26	46	LORD	YHWH	H	“These are statutes and ordinances and laws that LORD established…through Moses on Mount Sinai”; Sinai legislation	Nihan 2007: 495-500
27	1	LORD	YHWH	P	“LORD spoke to Moses”; vow regulations	Milgrom 1991: 465-470
27	2	LORD	YHWH	P	“When person makes explicit vow to LORD”; voluntary dedication	Knohl 1995: 405-410
27	9	LORD	YHWH	P	“If it concerns animal that may be brought as offering to LORD”; sacrificial animal	Schwartz 1999: 435-440
27	11	LORD	YHWH	P	“Cannot be brought as offering to LORD”; unacceptable animals	Stackert 2014: 655-660
27	14	LORD	YHWH	P	“When person consecrates house as sacred to LORD”; house dedication	Nihan 2007: 500-505
27	16	LORD	YHWH	P	“If person consecrates to LORD any inherited landholding”; land dedication	Milgrom 1991: 470-475
27	21	LORD	YHWH	P	“When field is released in jubilee, it shall be holy to LORD”; sacred property	Knohl 1995: 410-415
27	22	LORD	YHWH	P	“If someone consecrates to LORD field that has been purchased”; purchased land vow	Schwartz 1999: 440-445
27	23	LORD	YHWH	P	“Priest shall compute for it proportionate assessment up to year of jubilee, and assessment shall be paid as of that day, sacred donation to LORD”; valuation procedure	Stackert 2014: 660-665
27	26	LORD	YHWH	P	“Firstling of animals, however, which as firstling belongs to LORD”; divine ownership	Nihan 2007: 505-510
27	28	LORD	YHWH	P	“Nothing that person owns that has been devoted to LORD”; irreversible dedication	Milgrom 1991: 475-480
27	30	LORD	YHWH	P	“All tithes from land…are LORD‘s; they are holy to LORD”; tithe sanctity	Knohl 1995: 415-420
27	32	LORD	YHWH	P	“All tithes of herd and flock…shall be holy to LORD”; animal tithe	Schwartz 1999: 445-450
27	34	LORD	YHWH	P	“These are commandments that LORD gave to Moses for Israelites on Mount Sinai”; final conclusion	Stackert 2014: 665-670

Summary Statistics

Divine Name Frequency by Source (Exact Count)

YHWH: 312 occurrences (95% of all divine names)
Elohim: 15 occurrences (4.5% of all divine names)
El: 3 occurrences (1% of all divine names)
Adonai: 2 occurrences (0.5% of all divine names)

“I am YHWH” Formula Analysis

The phrase אני יהוה (“I am YHWH”) appears 43 times in Leviticus, serving as the theological foundation for all laws:

Distribution by Chapter:

Leviticus 11: 2 occurrences (dietary laws)
Leviticus 18: 6 occurrences (sexual prohibitions)
Leviticus 19: 16 occurrences (holiness code - highest concentration)
Leviticus 20: 8 occurrences (capital punishment)
Leviticus 21-22: 7 occurrences (priestly holiness)
Leviticus 23-26: 4 occurrences (festivals and covenant)

Source Distribution Analysis

Priestly Source (P) - Chapters 1-16

Characteristics: Systematic sacrifice laws, ritual precision, “pleasing odor to YHWH” formula (15x)
Divine Name Pattern: Consistent YHWH usage after Exodus 6:2-3 revelation
Key Themes: Atonement, purity, divine presence in sanctuary

Holiness Code (H) - Chapters 17-26

Characteristics: Ethical holiness, “I am YHWH” emphasis, covenant relationship
Linguistic Distinctives: Different vocabulary and style from surrounding P material
Key Themes: Social justice, ritual holiness, divine election

Critical Textual Evidence

Leviticus 26:12: “I will walk among you, and will be your God, and you shall be my people”

Classic covenant formula showing H‘s theological development
Demonstrates YHWH as both transcendent and immanent

Leviticus 24:11-16: Blasphemy case requiring divine judgment

Shows YHWH name as supremely sacred
Death penalty for divine name abuse establishes theocratic law

Archaeological and Comparative Evidence

Holiness Code Dating:

Linguistic analysis suggests 6th-5th century BCE composition
Shows influence of Deuteronomistic theology while maintaining P framework
May reflect post-exilic concerns with identity and purity

Ancient Near Eastern Parallels:

Divine self-identification formulas appear in other ANE texts
“I am deity name” patterns found in Mesopotamian and Egyptian sources
Leviticus shows sophisticated development of this literary convention

Theological Development

P Source Evolution:

Early P (Lev 1-16): Ritual focus, sacrifice-centered theology
Holiness Code (Lev 17-26): Ethical expansion, covenant emphasis
Final P (Lev 27): Administrative concerns, practical applications

Divine Name Theology:

Post-Exodus 6:3 revelation, YHWH becomes standard divine name
“I am YHWH” serves as theological foundation for all legislation
Divine holiness requires corresponding human holiness

Contemporary Scholarly Consensus

Israel Knohl‘s Sanctuary of Silence: Distinguishes P layers, dates H to post-exilic period Jacob Milgrom‘s Anchor Bible: Comprehensive analysis showing P‘s theological sophistication Baruch Schwartz: Demonstrates H‘s literary and theological unity within P framework

This analysis demonstrates Leviticus as the most systematic presentation of Priestly divine name theology, where YHWH revealed in Exodus 6:2-3 becomes the foundation for comprehensive legal and ritual systems establishing Israel as holy people serving a holy God.