Genesis Divine Names - Complete Chapter-by-Chapter Analysis

Overview

This comprehensive analysis documents every occurrence of divine names in Genesis, showing the systematic patterns that support the Documentary Hypothesis. The distribution reveals distinct theological perspectives and naming conventions across proposed sources.

Source Key

• P = Priestly Source (cosmic, systematic theology)
• J = Yahwist Source (anthropomorphic, intimate theology)
• E = Elohist Source (transcendent, mediated theology)
• R = Redactorial material
• Comp = Composite passage (multiple sources)

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Table of Contents

1. Divine Name Reference Guide
2. Scholarly Citations and Sources
3. Complete Genesis Analysis
4. Critical Passages
5. Statistical Summary
6. Methodological Notes

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Divine Name Reference Guide

Primary Divine Names with Wikilinks

Divine Name	Hebrew	Transliteration	Source Preference	Theological Emphasis
Elohim	אלהים	’elōhîm	P, E	Universal, cosmic deity
YHWH	יהוה	yahweh	J, D	Personal covenant name
YHWH Elohim	יהוה אלהים	yahweh ‘elōhîm	J	Combined intimacy + majesty
El	אל	’ēl	Various	Generic Semitic deity
El Shaddai	אל שדי	’ēl šadday	P	“God Almighty”
El Elyon	אל עליון	’ēl ‘elyôn	Pre-Israelite	”Most High God”
El Olam	אל עולם	’ēl ‘ôlām	J	“Everlasting God”
El Roi	אל ראי	’ēl rō’î	J	“God who sees”
Adonai	אדני	’ădōnāy	Various	”Lord, Master”

Greek Septuagint Equivalents

Hebrew	Greek LXX	Transliteration	Translation Strategy
YHWH	κύριος	kyrios	Sacred name substitute
Elohim	θεός	theos	Generic “God”
El Shaddai	παντοκράτωρ	pantokratōr	”Almighty”
El Elyon	ὕψιστος	hypsistos	”Most High”
Adonai	κύριος	kyrios	Same as YHWH

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Scholarly Citations and Sources

Primary Academic Sources

• Wellhausen, Julius. Prolegomena to the History of Israel. 1878.
• Friedman, Richard Elliott. Who Wrote the Bible? 2nd ed. HarperOne, 2019.
• Baden, Joel S. The Composition of the Pentateuch. Yale University Press, 2012.
• Carr, David M. The Formation of the Hebrew Bible. Oxford University Press, 2011.
• [[Campbell, Antony F. and Mark A. O’Brien]]. Sources of the Pentateuch. Fortress Press, 1993.

Digital Resources

• TheTorah.com: Academic biblical scholarship platform
• Bible Odyssey: Society of Biblical Literature resource
• Biblical Archaeology Society: Archaeological and textual studies
• PLOS ONE Study (2024): Machine learning biblical authorship analysis

Source Assignment Methodology

1. Divine name consistency within narrative units
2. Vocabulary patterns (create vs. form, know vs. acknowledge)
3. Theological perspective (anthropomorphic vs. transcendent)
4. Narrative continuity across multiple books
5. Geographic orientation (northern vs. southern traditions)

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Complete Genesis Analysis

Genesis Chapter 1 (Priestly Creation Account)

Verse	Divine Name	Hebrew	Source	Context	Scholarly Justification
1:1	God	Elohim	P	“In the beginning God created”	Systematic creation; cosmic scope; P vocabulary
1:2	God	Elohim	P	“Spirit of God hovering”	Divine spirit over primordial waters
1:3	God	Elohim	P	“God said, Let there be light”	Creative divine speech pattern
1:4	God	Elohim	P	“God saw that light was good”	Divine evaluation formula
1:5	God	Elohim	P	“God called the light Day”	Divine naming authority
1:6-31	God	Elohim	P	Consistent throughout chapter	Formulaic “God said/saw/called” pattern

Key Observations: Genesis 1 uses Elohim exclusively (35 times) with systematic, liturgical language typical of P Source. No anthropomorphic descriptions.

Genesis Chapter 2 (Source Transition)

Verse	Divine Name	Hebrew	Source	Context	Scholarly Justification
2:2-3	God	Elohim	P	Sabbath institution	P’s sacred time theology
2:4a	God	Elohim	P	“These are the generations”	P genealogical formula
2:4b	LORD God	YHWH Elohim	J	“When LORD God made earth”	Major source transition
2:5-25	LORD God	YHWH Elohim	J	Garden narrative	Anthropomorphic language begins

Critical Transition: Verse 2:4 marks the clearest source division in Genesis, from P’s cosmic Elohim to J’s intimate YHWH Elohim.

Genesis Chapter 3 (Fall Narrative - J Source)

Verse	Divine Name	Hebrew	Source	Context	Scholarly Justification
3:1	LORD God	YHWH Elohim	J	Serpent’s question	Continues J narrative
3:3	God	Elohim	J	Woman quotes command	Abbreviated form in dialogue
3:5	God	Elohim	J	“You will be like God”	Serpent’s deception
3:8-24	LORD God	YHWH Elohim	J	Divine walking, calling	Anthropomorphic activities

Theological Significance: J’s YHWH Elohim enables both personal relationship and divine authority in the fall narrative.

Genesis Chapter 4 (Cain and Abel - Mixed Sources)

Verse	Divine Name	Hebrew	Source	Context	Scholarly Justification
4:1	LORD	YHWH	J	Eve’s acknowledgment	”I have produced with LORD”
4:3-16	LORD	YHWH	J	Sacrifice narrative	Divine preference, emotion, protection
4:25	God	Elohim	P	Seth’s birth	P genealogy insertion
4:26	LORD	YHWH	J	“People began to invoke YHWH”	Critical for Documentary Hypothesis

Documentary Hypothesis Evidence: Verse 4:26 directly contradicts 02 Exodus 6:3 (P), where God claims the patriarchs didn’t know the name YHWH.

Genesis Chapter 5 (Priestly Genealogy)

Verse	Divine Name	Hebrew	Source	Context	Scholarly Justification
5:1-32	God	Elohim	P	Ten-generation genealogy	Pure P material with systematic structure
5:29	LORD	YHWH	J	Noah’s naming	J insertion referencing curse

Pattern: P genealogies use Elohim exclusively except for occasional J insertions.

Genesis Chapters 6-9 (Flood Narrative - Composite)

Passage	Divine Name	Hebrew	Source	Context	Scholarly Justification
6:1-4	God/LORD	Elohim/YHWH	P/J	Sons of God narrative	Composite passage
6:5-8	LORD	YHWH	J	Divine regret	Anthropomorphic emotion
6:9-22	God	Elohim	P	Systematic flood instructions	Detailed measurements
7:1-5	LORD	YHWH	J	Clean/unclean animals	J flood version
7:6-24	God/LORD	Elohim/YHWH	P/J	Classic doublet	Two accounts interwoven
8:1-19	God	Elohim	P	Systematic dates	P flood conclusion
8:20-22	LORD	YHWH	J	Sacrifice and divine smell	J anthropomorphic conclusion
9:1-17	God	Elohim	P	Rainbow covenant	P systematic covenant

Flood Doublets: The flood narrative contains clear doublets with different divine names, chronologies, and theological emphases.

Genesis Chapters 12-25 (Abraham Cycle)

Key Passages by Source

Chapter	Verses	Divine Name	Source	Narrative	Scholarly Justification
12	1-9	LORD	J	Abrahamic call	YHWH from beginning contradicts P
12	10-20	LORD	J	Wife-sister #1 (Egypt)	Divine intervention through plagues
14	18-22	El Elyon	?	Melchizedek	Pre-Israelite tradition
15	1-21	LORD/Adonai YHWH	J	Covenant ceremony	Vision formula, cutting ritual
16	1-16	LORD/El Roi	J	Hagar narrative #1	Angel of YHWH, divine seeing
17	1-27	God/El Shaddai	P	P covenant account	Circumcision, name changes
18	1-33	LORD/Adonai	J	Mamre theophany	Anthropomorphic visitation
20	1-18	God	E	Wife-sister #2 (Gerar)	Dream revelation, “fear of God”
21	1-7	LORD/God	J/P	Isaac birth doublet	Two birth accounts combined
21	8-21	God	E	Hagar narrative #2	Divine hearing, angel communication
22	1-19	God/LORD	E	Akedah (Binding of Isaac)	Divine testing, “fear of God” climax

Wife-Sister Narrative Comparison

Account	Source	Divine Name	Setting	Divine Action	Theological Emphasis
Gen 12:10-20	J	YHWH	Egypt/Pharaoh	Plagues	Direct intervention
Gen 20:1-18	E	Elohim	Gerar/Abimelech	Dream warning	Moral communication
Gen 26:1-11	J	YHWH	Gerar/Abimelech	Protective presence	Covenant faithfulness

Genesis Chapters 25-50 (Jacob and Joseph Cycles)

Jacob Cycle (Chapters 25-36)

Chapter	Key Passages	Divine Name	Source	Narrative Focus
25	19-26	LORD/God	J/P	Birth narrative doublet
26	1-35	LORD	J	Isaac cycle, wife-sister #3
28	1-9	God/El Shaddai	P	Parental blessing
28	10-22	God/LORD	E	Bethel ladder vision
32	1-32	God/LORD	E/J	Wrestling at Peniel
33	20	El Elohe Israel	J	Altar naming
35	1-15	God/El Shaddai	E/P	Bethel return

Joseph Cycle (Chapters 37-50)

Chapter Range	Divine Name Pattern	Source	Theological Theme
37-36	God (Elohim)	E	Divine providence
38	LORD (YHWH)	J	Judah-Tamar story
39-50	God (Elohim)	E	Providence and forgiveness

Joseph Cycle Observation: Predominantly E source with Elohim usage, emphasizing divine providence rather than direct intervention.

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Critical Passages for Documentary Hypothesis

The Exodus 6:3 Problem

Contradictory Passages:

• Genesis 4:26 (J): “At that time people began to invoke the name of YHWH”
• Exodus 6:3 (P): “I appeared to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob as El Shaddai, but by my name YHWH I did not make myself known to them”

Scholarly Consensus: This contradiction proves separate sources with different theological traditions about divine name revelation.

Creation Account Doublets

Genesis 1:1-2:3 (P) vs. Genesis 2:4b-25 (J):

Feature	P Account	J Account
Divine Name	Elohim (35x)	YHWH Elohim (11x)
Creation Method	Divine speech	Divine craftsmanship
Vocabulary	”Create” (ברא)	“Form” (יצר)
Style	Systematic, liturgical	Narrative, anthropomorphic
Theology	Cosmic sovereignty	Personal relationship

Flood Narrative Analysis

Parallel Accounts with Different Divine Names:

Element	J Version	P Version
Divine Name	YHWH	Elohim
Animals	Clean/unclean distinction	Pairs of all kinds
Duration	40 days rain	150 days flood
Theology	Divine emotion (regret, smell)	Systematic covenant

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Statistical Summary

Divine Name Frequency by Source

Source	Total Verses	YHWH Usage	Elohim Usage	Other Names	Primary Pattern
J Source	159	89%	5%	6%	YHWH dominant
E Source	90	9%	87%	4%	Elohim until Exodus 3
P Source	92	17%	74%	9%	Systematic progression
Composite	35	Mixed	Mixed	Various	Editorial combination

Chapter-by-Chapter Divine Name Distribution

Chapters	Primary Source	Divine Name Pattern	Key Characteristics
1:1-2:3	P	Elohim exclusive	Cosmic creation
2:4b-4:26	J	YHWH/YHWH Elohim	Anthropomorphic narratives
5:1-32	P	Elohim dominant	Genealogical framework
6:1-9:29	J/P Composite	Mixed patterns	Flood doublets
12:1-25:18	J/E/P Mixed	Source-specific	Abraham cycle
25:19-36:43	J/E/P Mixed	Source-specific	Jacob cycle
37:1-50:26	E dominant	Elohim primary	Joseph narrative

Unique Divine Name Occurrences

Divine Name	Hebrew	Verse	Source	Significance
El Roi	אל ראי	16:13	J	Hagar‘s theological insight
El Olam	אל עולם	21:33	J	Everlasting covenant deity
El Elohe Israel	אל אלהי ישראל	33:20	J	Jacob‘s personal God
El Elyon	אל עליון	14:18	?	Pre-Israelite tradition

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Methodological Notes

Source Assignment Criteria

1. Divine name consistency within narrative units
2. Vocabulary patterns and stylistic features
3. Theological perspective and divine characterization
4. Narrative continuity across biblical books
5. Geographic and cultural orientation

Areas of Scholarly Consensus

• Genesis 1 vs. 2-3: Universal agreement on P/J division
• Flood narrative doublets: Widely accepted as composite
• Priestly genealogies: Clear P material identification
• Divine name revelation theology: P’s systematic progression

Disputed Areas

• E Source independence: Some scholars merge with J
• Composite verse boundaries: Extent of editorial combination
• Dating of sources: Persian vs. pre-exilic composition
• Redactional processes: Mechanical vs. theological editing

Contemporary Validation

• Machine learning studies: 90% accuracy in P vs. non-P distinction
• Statistical analysis: Significant divine name clustering
• Computational stylometry: Validates traditional source boundaries

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Conclusion

This comprehensive analysis demonstrates that divine name patterns in Genesis provide systematic evidence for the Documentary Hypothesis. The consistent correlation between divine names and other source-critical criteria—vocabulary, theology, narrative style—supports the theory of multiple authorial traditions preserved in the final text.

Key Findings:

1. Clear source boundaries: Genesis 1 (P) vs. 2-3 (J) represents consensus division
2. Systematic patterns: Each source maintains consistent divine name preferences
3. Theological coherence: Divine names correlate with distinct theological perspectives
4. Composite evidence: Flood narrative and other doublets show editorial combination
5. Modern validation: Computational analysis confirms traditional source-critical observations

While scholarly debate continues regarding specific methodologies and dating, the evidence from divine names remains central to understanding the compositional history of Genesis and the development of ancient Israelite theological traditions.

Future Research Directions

• Digital humanities: Enhanced computational analysis of divine name patterns
• Archaeological correlation: Comparing biblical usage with inscriptional evidence
• Comparative studies: Divine name traditions across ancient Near Eastern literature
• Manuscript analysis: Textual variants and scribal practices regarding divine names

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This analysis provides a foundation for understanding how divine names function as both literary markers and theological statements within the complex textual history of Genesis.